- Secondary to the very non-specific and variable signs and symptoms of a PE, the diagnosis is often difficult
- The importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment can not be overstated as it reduces mortality
- The gold standard test for pulmonary embolism is pulmonary angiography
- Percutaneous access is usually via the femoral vein
- Contrast dye is injected and a filling defect is observed radiographically
- Unfortunately this test is not available at all institutions, and not at all in the back of an ambulance
- It is an invasive test with associated risk factors
- Complications of angiography are increased in the elderly population
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