Toxicological Emergencies

Adverse Physical Effects – Gastrointestinal (GI)
In some cases, vomiting and diarrhea can occur.  The vomiting may lead to an uncontrolled airway so EMS providers must be on constant alert.  In large doses, bowel ischemia can occur, especially in body packing or stuffing, where large amounts are ingested in order to evade law enforcement.  [21]