| Complications of diabetes mellitus in the mother include renal insufficiency, retinopathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, or hyperglycemic nonketotic state. Fetal complications of maternal diabetes include neural tube defects, sacral agenesis, renal agenesis, macrosomia, intrauterine growth restriction, poly- hydramnios, intrauterine fetal demise, and a variety of cardiac defects, which frequently include transposition of the great vessels and Tetralogy of Fallot. | | | | |